The Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)
debate
debate
30 second take-away:
1. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have started a project to combat tax avoidance called Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS).
2. There has been public outcry at multinationals' low tax bills
3. Tax planning is OK - the public, media & politicians just need to understand the subject better
4. Example: the BEPS project has a plan to counter multinationals deducting too much interest from their tax bill.
5. Outside the project, countries have already ploughed ahead with their own steps to combat tax avoidance.
6. The BEPS project is off to a good start, but will tomorrow's economic reality overtake the new tax landscape?
AND NOW FOR YOU TAX ENTHUSIASTS:
In November 2012, political leaders at the G20 tasked the OECD to draft a plan to combat international tax avoidance. They were responding to public mood and that is how the BEPS project started.
In her lecture on International Taxation, Manal Corwin reflects on this public outcry. The debate in the media has not helped. Sometimes, the media and the public have misunderstood the debate on tax avoidance.
Tax planning is a legitimate way to reduce a company's tax bills. Tax is a cost to a business like any other. And a company has a duty to get the best return on investment for its shareholders.
Meantime, this has caused untold damage to multinationals’ reputation. In the long term, this cannot be good for anyone.
Recent developments in the BEPS project
In 2013, the G20 countries and the OECD approved a 15 point action plan to tackle BEPS. I will now focus on one particular issue of interest payments.
At present, you have a situation where a parent company funds its subsidiaries through loans. The interest received by the parent on the loan is treated as non-taxable in one country.
In the other country, the interest charge is fully deductible. So you have a situation, where the interest is not taxed in either country.
Action Plan 4 of the BEPS project addresses this.
You already have existing rules in place such as:
- thin capitalisation rules - you have a deduction limit for interest based on the company’s mix of debt and equity. If the interest charge exceeds a particular ratio of debt-to-equity, it will not be deductible.
- caps on interest deduction - you might have a deductible interest limit of 30% of a company’s operating profit.
- limit on the interest rate on inter-company loans - for example in France, the limit is currently at 2.72% at 30 March 2015.
The action plan proposes a so-called formulary approach to interest charges. A multinational would calculate a group-wide interest charge according to a third party interest charge. It will then allocate this to each subsidiary.
You could calculate the allocation with a financial ratio, such as interest cover. You could calculate an allocation by comparing the subsidiary’s earnings or asset value compared to the entire group.
While the group wide interest charge is at arm’s length, the interest charge a subsidiary incurs may not. For example, the base interest rate in the Euro-zone is close to 0. Interest rates in Brazil are currently at 13.25 %.
A group wide interest charge could actually allow a company to deduct more interest where the interest rate is low. Where the interest rate is high, the company deducts far less than it would normally do.
How have other countries tackled tax avoidance?
While the BEPS plan continues, countries have taken their own steps to combat tax avoidance:
- UK’s diverted profit tax on large companies - it’s a new 25% tax rate on profits diverted from outside of the UK.
- Belgium’s “fairness tax” - in 2014 - Belgium introduced this to counter generous tax incentives from its “notional interest deduction” and carry forward losses. These tax incentives could effectively reduce a company’s taxable income to nil.
- Minimum Alternate Tax - you already have this tax in certain jurisdictions, such as in India. They are aimed at large corporations. The tax represents a percentage of adjusted accounting profit. You then compare this to the actual tax liability.
Whichever is higher becomes the tax bill. However, the tax authority gives a tax credit. That represents the difference between the minimum tax paid and the normal tax liability. The company can offset this credit against its tax liability in future years.
Is the BEPS plan effective?
The BEPS plan is a good starting point. It contains many measures and it has consulted widely with governments, the tax profession and the business world. It does begin to address some of the public’s concerns that multinationals are not paying their fair share of tax.
However, implementing these measures remains tricky. The measures will naturally take years to bring in, given the number of countries and tax treaties involved. By that time, the situation of the global economy will have outpaced the tax landscape well after the BEPS project has ended.
In her lecture on International Taxation, Manal Corwin reflects on this public outcry. The debate in the media has not helped. Sometimes, the media and the public have misunderstood the debate on tax avoidance.
Tax planning is a legitimate way to reduce a company's tax bills. Tax is a cost to a business like any other. And a company has a duty to get the best return on investment for its shareholders.
Meantime, this has caused untold damage to multinationals’ reputation. In the long term, this cannot be good for anyone.
Recent developments in the BEPS project
In 2013, the G20 countries and the OECD approved a 15 point action plan to tackle BEPS. I will now focus on one particular issue of interest payments.
At present, you have a situation where a parent company funds its subsidiaries through loans. The interest received by the parent on the loan is treated as non-taxable in one country.
In the other country, the interest charge is fully deductible. So you have a situation, where the interest is not taxed in either country.
Action Plan 4 of the BEPS project addresses this.
You already have existing rules in place such as:
- thin capitalisation rules - you have a deduction limit for interest based on the company’s mix of debt and equity. If the interest charge exceeds a particular ratio of debt-to-equity, it will not be deductible.
- caps on interest deduction - you might have a deductible interest limit of 30% of a company’s operating profit.
- limit on the interest rate on inter-company loans - for example in France, the limit is currently at 2.72% at 30 March 2015.
The action plan proposes a so-called formulary approach to interest charges. A multinational would calculate a group-wide interest charge according to a third party interest charge. It will then allocate this to each subsidiary.
You could calculate the allocation with a financial ratio, such as interest cover. You could calculate an allocation by comparing the subsidiary’s earnings or asset value compared to the entire group.
While the group wide interest charge is at arm’s length, the interest charge a subsidiary incurs may not. For example, the base interest rate in the Euro-zone is close to 0. Interest rates in Brazil are currently at 13.25 %.
A group wide interest charge could actually allow a company to deduct more interest where the interest rate is low. Where the interest rate is high, the company deducts far less than it would normally do.
How have other countries tackled tax avoidance?
While the BEPS plan continues, countries have taken their own steps to combat tax avoidance:
- UK’s diverted profit tax on large companies - it’s a new 25% tax rate on profits diverted from outside of the UK.
- Belgium’s “fairness tax” - in 2014 - Belgium introduced this to counter generous tax incentives from its “notional interest deduction” and carry forward losses. These tax incentives could effectively reduce a company’s taxable income to nil.
- Minimum Alternate Tax - you already have this tax in certain jurisdictions, such as in India. They are aimed at large corporations. The tax represents a percentage of adjusted accounting profit. You then compare this to the actual tax liability.
Whichever is higher becomes the tax bill. However, the tax authority gives a tax credit. That represents the difference between the minimum tax paid and the normal tax liability. The company can offset this credit against its tax liability in future years.
Is the BEPS plan effective?
The BEPS plan is a good starting point. It contains many measures and it has consulted widely with governments, the tax profession and the business world. It does begin to address some of the public’s concerns that multinationals are not paying their fair share of tax.
However, implementing these measures remains tricky. The measures will naturally take years to bring in, given the number of countries and tax treaties involved. By that time, the situation of the global economy will have outpaced the tax landscape well after the BEPS project has ended.
--
REFERENCES:-
[1] Sense and Sensibility: The Policy and Politics of BEPS by Manal S. Corwin
http://www.kpmg-institutes.com/content/dam/kpmg/taxwatch/pdf/2014/beps-corwin-tillinghast-tn-100614.pdf
[2] OECD (2013), Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264202719-en
[3] Analysis (2013) - Deductibility of finance costs across Europe, Eversheds LLP, Tax Journal http://www.taxjournal.com/tj/files/article-files/TJ_Jervis.pdf
[4] OECD(2015): Public Discussion Draft BEPS ACTION 4: INTEREST DEDUCTIONS AND OTHER FINANCIAL PAYMENTS http://www.oecd.org/ctp/aggressive/discussion-draft-action-4-interest-deductions.pdf
[5] Diverted profits tax (2015) - HMRC - UK Revenue authority https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/385741/Diverted_Profits_Tax.pdf
[6] Circular on Fairness Tax (2014) - Belgium Ministry of Finance (Dutch) http://ccff02.minfin.fgov.be/KMWeb/document.do?method=view&id=337f93d2-c0da-48f6-8028-8443742de162#findHighlighted
[7] Tutorial on Minimum Alternate Tax (2014), Income Tax dept, India http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/Tutorials/10.mat-and-amt.pdf
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